This is one of the following seven articles on Multiple Linear Regression in Excel
Basics of Multiple Regression in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
Complete Multiple Linear Regression Example in 6 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
Multiple Linear Regression’s Required Residual Assumptions
Normality Testing of Residuals in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
Evaluating the Excel Output of Multiple Regression
Estimating the Prediction Interval of Multiple Regression in Excel
Regression - How To Do Conjoint Analysis Using Dummy Variable Regression in Excel
Overview of Prediction
Interval of Multiple
Regression In Excel
A prediction interval is a confidence interval about a Y value that is estimated from a regression equation. A regression prediction interval is a value range above and below the Y estimate calculated by the regression equation that would contain the actual value of a sample with, for example, 95 percent certainty.
The Prediction Error for a point estimate of Y is always slightly larger than the Standard Error of the Regression Equation shown in the Excel regression output directly under Adjusted R Square.
The Standard Error of the Regression Equation is used to calculate a confidence interval about the mean Y value. The Prediction Error is use to create a confidence interval about a predicted Y value. There will always be slightly more uncertainty in predicting an individual Y value than in estimating the mean Y value.
For that reason, a Prediction Interval will always be larger than a Confidence Interval for any type of regression analysis.
Calculating an exact prediction interval for any regression with more than one independent variable (multiple regression) involves some pretty heavy-duty matrix algebra. Fortunately there is an easy short-cut that can be applied to multiple regression that will give a fairly accurate estimate of the prediction interval.
Prediction Interval Formula
The formula for a prediction interval about an estimated Y value (a Y value calculated from the regression equation) is found by the following formula:
Prediction Interval = Yest ± t-Valueα/2 * Prediction Error
Prediction Error = Standard Error of the Regression * SQRT(1 + distance value)
Distance value, sometimes called leverage value, is the measure of distance of the combinations of values, x1, x2,…, xk from the center of the observed data. Calculation of Distance value for any type of multiple regression requires some heavy-duty matrix algebra. This is given in Bowerman and O’Connell (1990).
Some software packages such as Minitab perform the internal calculations to produce an exact Prediction Error for a given Alpha. Excel does not. Fortunately there is an easy substitution that provides a fairly accurate estimate of Prediction Interval. The following fact enables this:
The Prediction Error for a point estimate of Y is always slightly larger than the Standard Error of the Regression Equation shown in the Excel regression output directly under Adjusted R Square.
The Standard Error (highlighted in yellow in the Excel regression output) is used to calculate a confidence interval about the mean Y value. The Prediction Error is use to create a confidence interval about a predicted Y value. There will always be slightly more uncertainty in predicting an individual Y value than in estimating the mean Y value.
Prediction Interval Estimate
Formula
The Prediction Error is always slightly bigger than the Standard Error of a Regression. The Prediction Error can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by the following formula:
Prediction Errorest = P.E.est
P.E.est = (Standard Error of the Regression)* 1.1
Prediction Intervalest = Yest ± t-Valueα/2 * P.E.est
Prediction Intervalest = Yest ± t-Valueα/2 * (Standard Error of the Regression)* 1.1
Prediction Intervalest = Yest ± TINV(α, dfResidual) * (Standard Error of the Regression)* 1.1
The t-value must be calculated using the degrees of freedom, df, of the Residual (highlighted in Yellow in the Excel Regression output and equals n – 2).
dfResidual = n – 2 = 20 – 2 = 18
t-Valueα/2,df=n-2 = TINV(0.05,20-2)
t-Valueα/2,df=n-2 = TINV(0.05,18) = 2.1009
In Excel 2010 and later TINV(α, df) can be replaced be T.INV(1-α/2,df)
Example in Excel of Estimating
the Prediction Interval
Create a 95 percent prediction interval about the estimated value of Y if a company had 10,000 production machines and added 500 new employees in the last 5 years.
In this case the company’s annual power consumption would be predicted as follows:
Yest = Annual Power Consumption (kW) = 37,123,164 + 10.234 (Number of Production Machines X 1,000) + 3.573 (New Employees Added in Last 5 Years X 1,000)
Yest = Annual Power Consumption (kW) = 37,123,164 + 10.234 (10,000 X 1,000) + 3.573 (500 X 1,000)
Yest = Estimated Annual Power Consumption = 49,143,690 kW
Yest = 49,143,690
Prediction Intervalest = Yest ± TINV(α, dfResidual) * (Standard Error of the Regression)* 1.1
In Excel 2010 and later TINV(α, df) can be replaced be T.INV(1-α/2,df)
The Standard Error of the Regression is found to be 21,502,161 in the Excel regression output as follows:
(Click On Image To See a Larger Version)
Prediction Intervalest = 49,143,690 ± TINV(0.05, 18) * (21,502,161)* 1.1
Prediction Intervalest = [49,143,690 ± 49,691,800 ]
Prediction Intervalest = [ -549,110, 98,834,490 ]
This is a relatively wide Prediction Interval that results from a large Standard Error of the Regression (21,502,161).
It is very important to note that a regression equation should never be extrapolated outside the range of the original data set used to create the regression equation. The inputs for a regression prediction should not be outside of the following ranges of the original data set:
Number of machine: 442 to 28,345
New employees added in last 5 years: -1,460 to 7,030
Excel Master Series Blog Directory
Statistical Topics and Articles In Each Topic
- Histograms in Excel
- Bar Chart in Excel
- Combinations & Permutations in Excel
- Normal Distribution in Excel
- Overview of the Normal Distribution
- Normal Distribution’s PDF (Probability Density Function) in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Normal Distribution’s CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function) in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Normal Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Overview of the Standard Normal Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- An Important Difference Between the t and Normal Distribution Graphs
- The Empirical Rule and Chebyshev’s Theorem in Excel – Calculating How Much Data Is a Certain Distance From the Mean
- Demonstrating the Central Limit Theorem In Excel 2010 and Excel 2013 In An Easy-To-Understand Way
- t-Distribution in Excel
- Binomial Distribution in Excel
- z-Tests in Excel
- Overview of Hypothesis Tests Using the Normal Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- One-Sample z-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 2-Sample Unpooled z-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Overview of the Paired (Two-Dependent-Sample) z-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- t-Tests in Excel
- Overview of t-Tests: Hypothesis Tests that Use the t-Distribution
- 1-Sample t-Tests in Excel
- 1-Sample t-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Excel Normality Testing For the 1-Sample t-Test in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 1-Sample t-Test – Effect Size in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 1-Sample t-Test Power With G*Power Utility
- Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test in 8 Steps As a 1-Sample t-Test Alternative in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Sign Test As a 1-Sample t-Test Alternative in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 2-Independent-Sample Pooled t-Tests in Excel
- 2-Independent-Sample Pooled t-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Excel Variance Tests: Levene’s, Brown-Forsythe, and F Test For 2-Sample Pooled t-Test in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Excel Normality Tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Shapiro Wilk Tests For Two-Sample Pooled t-Test
- Two-Independent-Sample Pooled t-Test - All Excel Calculations
- 2- Sample Pooled t-Test – Effect Size in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 2-Sample Pooled t-Test Power With G*Power Utility
- Mann-Whitney U Test in 12 Steps in Excel as 2-Sample Pooled t-Test Nonparametric Alternative in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 2- Sample Pooled t-Test = Single-Factor ANOVA With 2 Sample Groups
- 2-Independent-Sample Unpooled t-Tests in Excel
- 2-Independent-Sample Unpooled t-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Variance Tests: Levene’s Test, Brown-Forsythe Test, and F-Test in Excel For 2-Sample Unpooled t-Test
- Excel Normality Tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Shapiro-Wilk For 2-Sample Unpooled t-Test
- 2-Sample Unpooled t-Test Excel Calculations, Formulas, and Tools
- Effect Size for a 2-Independent-Sample Unpooled t-Test in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Test Power of a 2-Independent Sample Unpooled t-Test With G-Power Utility
- Paired (2-Sample Dependent) t-Tests in Excel
- Paired t-Test in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Excel Normality Testing of Paired t-Test Data
- Paired t-Test Excel Calculations, Formulas, and Tools
- Paired t-Test – Effect Size in Excel 2010, and Excel 2013
- Paired t-Test – Test Power With G-Power Utility
- Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test in 8 Steps As a Paired t-Test Alternative
- Sign Test in Excel As A Paired t-Test Alternative
- Hypothesis Tests of Proportion in Excel
- Hypothesis Tests of Proportion Overview (Hypothesis Testing On Binomial Data)
- 1-Sample Hypothesis Test of Proportion in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- 2-Sample Pooled Hypothesis Test of Proportion in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- How To Build a Much More Useful Split-Tester in Excel Than Google's Website Optimizer
- Chi-Square Independence Tests in Excel
- Chi-Square Goodness-Of-Fit Tests in Excel
- F Tests in Excel
- Correlation in Excel
- Pearson Correlation in Excel
- Spearman Correlation in Excel
- Confidence Intervals in Excel
- z-Based Confidence Intervals of a Population Mean in 2 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- t-Based Confidence Intervals of a Population Mean in 2 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Minimum Sample Size to Limit the Size of a Confidence interval of a Population Mean
- Confidence Interval of Population Proportion in 2 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Min Sample Size of Confidence Interval of Proportion in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Simple Linear Regression in Excel
- Overview of Simple Linear Regression in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Complete Simple Linear Regression Example in 7 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Residual Evaluation For Simple Regression in 8 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Residual Normality Tests in Excel – Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Anderson-Darling Test, and Shapiro-Wilk Test For Simple Linear Regression
- Evaluation of Simple Regression Output For Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- All Calculations Performed By the Simple Regression Data Analysis Tool in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Prediction Interval of Simple Regression in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Multiple Linear Regression in Excel
- Basics of Multiple Regression in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Complete Multiple Linear Regression Example in 6 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Multiple Linear Regression’s Required Residual Assumptions
- Normality Testing of Residuals in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Evaluating the Excel Output of Multiple Regression
- Estimating the Prediction Interval of Multiple Regression in Excel
- Regression - How To Do Conjoint Analysis Using Dummy Variable Regression in Excel
- Logistic Regression in Excel
- Logistic Regression Overview
- Logistic Regression in 6 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- R Square For Logistic Regression Overview
- Excel R Square Tests: Nagelkerke, Cox and Snell, and Log-Linear Ratio in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Likelihood Ratio Is Better Than Wald Statistic To Determine if the Variable Coefficients Are Significant For Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Excel Classification Table: Logistic Regression’s Percentage Correct of Predicted Results in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Hosmer- Lemeshow Test in Excel – Logistic Regression Goodness-of-Fit Test in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Single-Factor ANOVA in Excel
- Overview of Single-Factor ANOVA
- Single-Factor ANOVA in 5 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test in Excel For Each Single-Factor ANOVA Sample Group
- Kruskal-Wallis Test Alternative For Single Factor ANOVA in 7 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Levene’s and Brown-Forsythe Tests in Excel For Single-Factor ANOVA Sample Group Variance Comparison
- Single-Factor ANOVA - All Excel Calculations
- Overview of Post-Hoc Testing For Single-Factor ANOVA
- Tukey-Kramer Post-Hoc Test in Excel For Single-Factor ANOVA
- Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test in Excel For Single-Factor ANOVA
- Overview of Effect Size For Single-Factor ANOVA
- ANOVA Effect Size Calculation Eta Squared in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- ANOVA Effect Size Calculation Psi – RMSSE – in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- ANOVA Effect Size Calculation Omega Squared in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Power of Single-Factor ANOVA Test Using Free Utility G*Power
- Welch’s ANOVA Test in 8 Steps in Excel Substitute For Single-Factor ANOVA When Sample Variances Are Not Similar
- Brown-Forsythe F-Test in 4 Steps in Excel Substitute For Single-Factor ANOVA When Sample Variances Are Not Similar
- Two-Factor ANOVA With Replication in Excel
- Two-Factor ANOVA With Replication in 5 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Variance Tests: Levene’s and Brown-Forsythe For 2-Factor ANOVA in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test in Excel For 2-Factor ANOVA With Replication
- 2-Factor ANOVA With Replication Effect Size in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Excel Post Hoc Tukey’s HSD Test For 2-Factor ANOVA With Replication
- 2-Factor ANOVA With Replication – Test Power With G-Power Utility
- Scheirer-Ray-Hare Test Alternative For 2-Factor ANOVA With Replication
- Two-Factor ANOVA Without Replication in Excel
- Randomized Block Design ANOVA in Excel
- Repeated-Measures ANOVA in Excel
- Single-Factor Repeated-Measures ANOVA in 4 Steps in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Sphericity Testing in 9 Steps For Repeated Measures ANOVA in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Effect Size For Repeated-Measures ANOVA in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Friedman Test in 3 Steps For Repeated-Measures ANOVA in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- ANCOVA in Excel
- Normality Testing in Excel
- Creating a Box Plot in 8 Steps in Excel
- Creating a Normal Probability Plot With Adjustable Confidence Interval Bands in 9 Steps in Excel With Formulas and a Bar Chart
- Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test For Normality in 9 Steps in Excel
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Shapiro-Wilk Normality Tests in Excel
- Nonparametric Testing in Excel
- Mann-Whitney U Test in 12 Steps in Excel
- Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test in 8 Steps in Excel
- Sign Test in Excel
- Friedman Test in 3 Steps in Excel
- Scheirer-Ray-Hope Test in Excel
- Welch's ANOVA Test in 8 Steps Test in Excel
- Brown-Forsythe F Test in 4 Steps Test in Excel
- Levene's Test and Brown-Forsythe Variance Tests in Excel
- Chi-Square Independence Test in 7 Steps in Excel
- Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Tests in Excel
- Chi-Square Population Variance Test in Excel
- Post Hoc Testing in Excel
- Creating Interactive Graphs of Statistical Distributions in Excel
- Interactive Statistical Distribution Graph in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Normal Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Chi-Square Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the t-Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the t-Distribution’s PDF in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the t-Distribution’s CDF in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Binomial Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Exponential Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Beta Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Gamma Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Interactive Graph of the Poisson Distribution in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Problems With Other Distributions in Excel
- Solving Uniform Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Multinomial Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Exponential Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Beta Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Gamma Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
- Solving Poisson Distribution Problems in Excel 2010 and Excel 2013
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- VLOOKUP
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